Rousseau’s Second Discourse - 1468 Words

The last paragraph of the prelude to the Second Discourse is an impassioned appeal whose scope transcends the boundaries of time and space alike, calling for readers to pay attention to the history of man and society that Rousseau is on the verge of putting forth. Beginning with this authorial intrusion—a form of literary apostrophe—the essay adopts historical writing as its primary narrative mode. This method stands in direct contrast with the approach Thomas Hobbes takes in his Leviathan, in which the Englishman sets out to prove propositions as one might do geometrically, by preceding from valid arguments and sound premises. Rousseau’s rejection of philosophy, at least as he understands it in the Second Discourse, embodies the emphasis†¦show more content†¦Most importantly for Rousseau, however, is not necessarily how history lets him see how men might have been or how history lets him strike a balance between grasping the intricacy of human history a nd succeeding fluidly from one thought to another; it is how framing his work in such a way lets him give the greatest demonstrative proof of the point he makes. The first part of the work consists in a history of mankind until the institution of the social contract, and it reads easily and freely, just as man in Rousseau’s conception was in those days. The second part of the Second Discourse, which deals with the critique of the social contract itself, however, reads much more heavily, as if Rousseau were attempting to give the reader a taste of the gravity the social contract itself imposes upon man. The opening lines of the second half already launch his scathing attack on civil society by associating this notion with a man who takes advantage of his fellow men: The first person who, having enclosed a plot of land, took it into his head to say this is mine and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society. What crimes, wars, murders, what miseries and horrors would the human race have been spared, had someone pulled up the stakes or filled in the ditch and cried out to his fellow men: â€Å"Do not listen to this imposter. You are lost if you forget that the fruits of theShow MoreRelatedRousseaus Criticisms Of The Progress And Prosperity1252 Words   |  6 PagesRousseau’s Criticisms of the Progress and Prosperity In an essay contest seeming to beckon praise for the arts and sciences, Jean-Jacques Rousseau presents a criticism. In 1750, a time when man seems to be tirelessly working to conquer nature by reason and believes progress to almost exclusively be this conquering of nature, Rousseau forms his thoughts around the inherent goodness of nature. He presents what he believes to be man’s original state of nature and then delves into the corruptions causedRead MoreRousseau’s Natural Man Favors his Sustenance Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau’s natural man is a creature characterized by self-pity and self-preservation. Rousseau speaks towards his natural man’s kind and virtuous being, but also makes mention of his need for survival. While Rousseau expresses a clear and firm sensitivity toward animals in his text, in his Second Discourse he does not make a solid case for vegetarianism. Rousseau begins his discourse through a conceit regarding the difficulty of reconstructing the primitive man faultlessly. Much likeRead MoreThe Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality By Juis Rousseau713 Words   |  3 Pagesbetter place. Rousseau’s published response, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, argued that civilization and progress had not improved people, but instead, corrupted their virtue and morality. It was this discourse that brought Rousseau fame and the foundation to write a second discourse, The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. In his second dissertation, Rousseau argued that humans are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. Through Rousseaus first and second discourse, readers canRead MoreLocke And Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract1206 Words   |  5 Pageswork, Discourse on Inequality, establishes the idea of a fraudulent social contract. Rousseau further develops his political theory and discusses contemporary themes like the state of nature in, The Social Contract. There is a clear distinction between Rousseau’s theory and Locke’s theory as laid out in the, Second Treatise on Government. These two philosophers differ on the primary motivations of the creation of a social contract, as well as the bounds of common interest or in Rousseau’s case, theRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead MoreEssay about More Than Meets The Eye1643 Words   |  7 Pagesreign over the general population.   The ability of one person to rule over another arises from both moral and physical inequalities.   Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a prominent Genevan philosopher, attempts to uncover the origin of inequality.   In The Second Discourse, Rousseau systematically dissects the movement of humans away from their natural state and attempts to explain how inequality is derived.   Shakespeare’s The Tempest tells the tale of a usurped Duke, Prospero, who suffers a life of exile on aRead MoreKarl Marx View On Capitalism1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Discourse of Inequality â€Å"to the possibility of being well governed: in which every person being equal to his occupation, no one should be obliged to commit to others the functions with which he was entrusted: a State, in which all the individuals being well known to one another, neither the secret machinations of vice, nor the modesty of virtue should be able to escape the notice and judgment of the public† (Discourse of Inequality, Jean-Jacque Rousseau) page1. As I understand Rousseau’s beliefsRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau and The Essence of Human Nature Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesRousseau starts his discourse with the quote, â€Å"What is natural has to be investigated not in beings that are depraved, but in those that are good according to nature† (Aristotle. Politics. II). It is this idea that Rousseau uses to define his second discourse. Rousseau begins his story of h uman nature by â€Å"setting aside all the facts† (132). Rousseau believes the facts of the natural state of humanity are not necessary to determine the natural essence of human nature, and adding facts based on man’sRead MorePolitical Theory: Property1369 Words   |  6 PagesJean Jacques Rousseau. The writings of Locke and Rousseau on property ownership are quite fascinating to compare. Both philosophers portray the early stages of man in what they refer to as the State of Nature. This paper takes a critical look at Rousseau’s conceptualization of private property and the state in relation to Locke’s works on the subject. Origins of Property in the State of Nature According to Locke, man is driven out of his primitive state by his desire to satisfy his needs. He believesRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 Pagesand that each has certain inalienable rights such as life and liberty. By looking at the ideologies of each philosopher, we can see that John Locke has had the most significant role in the development of modern era liberalism. In Locke’s book the Second Treatise on Civil Government, he begins by describing the state of nature as a place where men exist in perfect freedom where they are able to pursue their own goals, as long as they do not infringe on the equal liberty of others (II. 4-7). This limitation

The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation

The Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothing more than a public relations campaign to dispel public concern and give a false sense of security (61). Laboratory animals are needlessly exploited and made to suffer cruelly in the name of research and testing. Fox also states that most†¦show more content†¦This substance could be anything from mascara to oven cleaner. The rabbits eyes are kept clamped open during this painful process and usually no anesthesia is administered to the animal. Rabbits are then examined periodically for a period of days or weeks. Reactions, which range from inflammation and clouding of the cornea to rupturing of the eyeball, are recorded. The rabbits that survive the Draize test are then used for skin irritancy tests (27). Sequoia states several important reasons why the Draize test should not be used anymore. Rabbit eyes and human eyes are not the same. Therefore, substances that are damaging to a rabbits eye may not be toxic to a humans. Similarly, substances that are very irritating to human eyes may have no effect on a rabbits eyes. This test is also difficult to reproduce, and results vary from laboratory to laboratory (28). Sequoia gives several alternatives to the Draize test. One is called the EYETEX System, which is used to determine the eye irritancy of specimens ranging from toothpaste to paint. This system is rapid, easy to perform, objective, reproducible, and inexpensive. It is almost ninety percent cheaper than the Draize test (28-29). Another alternative to the Draize test Sequoia mentioned is called the Agarose Diffusion Method; it has been used for testing the safety of plastics and other synthetic materials that come inShow MoreRelatedAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pagesmillion animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreThe Fight Against Animal Testing1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight Against Animal Testing in Cosmetics The makeup industry has flourished for as long as one can remember. The popularity of beauty bloggers, celebrity makeup lines, etc. have actually led to a record-breaking boost in makeup sales. Cosmetic brands have become more prominent, and makeup stores such as Sephora and Ulta continue to thrive. However, various demands must be met in order to keep up with the growing consumership, and one of the most controversial topics contributing to the successRead MoreThe Use Of Scientific Testing On Animals1503 Words   |  7 Pageshumans have used animals as means of learning more about the world. The first known vivisection was done by a Greek philosopher, Alcmaeon, in 450 B. C. E (â€Å"Animal Testing† NP). 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Although the benefits and improvements to modern medicine made it possible to ban animal experimentation completely,Read MoreAnimal Experimentation : The End Of Animal Testing1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe experimentation of animals has been used for a multitude of years for research to advance a scientific understanding of a living organism. To this day animals are being tested on for the use of human products. In 3D-printing human skin: The end of animal testing? by Jessica Mendoza, Speculative Philosophy, the Troubled Middle, and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation by Strachan Donnelley, â€Å"Animals and Medical Science: A Vision of a New Era† by Davi d O. Wiebers, Cruelty-free cosmetics benefitRead MoreAn Inside Look at Animal Experimentation Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagestheir very first animal? Remember the puppy’s sweet and perfect eyes, the kitten’s soft and comforting â€Å"meow†, or perhaps even a hamster and their playful and enthusiastic personality? These loving, innocent, precious animals are used daily on animal experimentation. With each and every chemical-related product produced, experimentation is required before being released into stores; unfortunately, these tests are typically performed on blameless animals. However, just because testing of a particularRead More Animal Experimentation: A vital role in medical reasearch Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation has been and will continue to be a source in scientific research. Similarities between animals and humans allow for researchers to provide safer drugs and new treatments for diseases. (Foundation for Biomedical Resea rch (FBR), 2008). Animal experiments have provided many positive outcomes in medical advancements that save human and animal lives. However, many people in today’s society have an emotional attachment to animals which fuels opposition to animal experimentationRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is An Ongoing Problem1484 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal cruelty is an ongoing problem that continues to have no definite solution. There are a lot of things tied to animal cruelty such as: testing for cosmetics and other beauty related products, animals being used for entertainment purposes, and animals being used for research purposes and medical testing. All of these things being done have negative and harmful outcomes for the animals. Some animals even lose their lives because of the situations they re put in. Many of these tests and experimentsRead MoreAnimal Testing: What if You Were in Their Place? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the eyes of the animal to see how much irritation it wi ll cause, a process known as the Draize eye irritancy test (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The test is certainly not pain free; it often causes distress, such as redness, swelling, and sometimes blindness. After the rabbits are finished being toyed with, they are killed (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The Draize eye irritancy test is just one of the thousands of examples of profuse animal testing that has been goingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Is Cruel And Needs1100 Words   |  5 PagesFreshman Seminar, Per. 1 4 May 2015 Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation is cruel and needs to be banned. It is another form of animal abuse. The animals are locked in cold, tiny cages in laboratories waiting in fear of what might happen next. The animals are being treated cruelly and being injected with substances that the scientists do not know if it will harm the animals. â€Å"Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs and other animals are locked inside cold barren cages

Australian Migration Law and OMARA Practice - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.Prepare a letter of advice, in plain English, for Jeffrey in relation to the procedural, accounting and ethical requirements he would have to meet to comply with the requirements under the Migration Act 1958, the Migration Agents Regulations 1998 and the Code of Conduct in relation to being appointed by Wood Engineering as their migration agent and charging them for the work 2. What are your obligations as a registered migration agent (if any) under the Code of Conduct? Answers: Answer 1 To, Mr. Jeffrey Jacob Date: 09/08/2017 Subject: procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements for Migration Agent and requirements to make valid visa application of UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Sir, This letter addressed the concern of Mr. Jeffery Jacob, for the purpose of providing guidance on procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements which must be comply by migration agents, and also states the requirements to make valid visa application of Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. These requirements are for those agents who are registered under Migration Act 1958. Jeffery Jacob is a registered Migration agent. Wood Engineering, civil engineering Company in Geelong, Victoria, consults with Mr. Jacob for sponsoring Ms. Josephine Ladders as a civil engineer under the Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Therefore, it is necessary for Jeffery to know all the procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements related to this profession. There are number of regulations which are stated by Migration Act 1958 and Migration Regulations 1998, and Migration Regulations 1994. These regulations define the rights and obligations of clients as well as migration agent. It is the duty of migration agents to perform their operation in such way which enhances the dignity of this profession. Requirements to make valid visa application: The temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457) allowed the skilled workers to enter into Australia and worked for a business which is approved in Australia. Applicant must be sponsored by an approved business, and businesses are eligible to sponsor visa applicant if they are not able to find Australian citizen or any permanent resident for the purpose of performing skilled work[1]. Schedule 1 of Migration Regulations 1994 contains schedule 1223A[2], which states the process of making valid visa application of the Temporary Business Entry (Class UC) visa. Clause 1(b) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then visa applicant can made the internet application, and such can be made through form 1066Employer Sponsored Workers (e457). Clause 1(ba) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then applicant is not able to make application as per paragraph b in those situations which are specified by the Minister in an instrument. Clause 1(bb) of this schedule states that, in case applicant wants to satisfy the secondary criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa, and combined application is not made by applicant for the purpose of satisfying primary criteria related to this visa, then in such circumstances application can be made in the form of internet application in the form specified by minister, and such application can be made through form 1066s Employer Sponsored Workers (e457)[3]. Clause 1(bc) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the secondary criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then applicant is not able to make application as per paragraph b in those situations which are specified by the Minister in an instrument. As per Immi 13/063, clause 1 (ba) and (bc), electronic form of application is prevented by DIBP and also by Department of Immigration and Citizenships systems. For the purpose of clause 1 (ba) and (bc) Immi 13/063 states the different way of making the application: Application can be made through the form which was provided with written authorization. Such form must include the name and position number of the officer who authorize such form, and must be mailed at e457.Manual.Lodgement@border.gov.au with a copy of the authorizing email. As per clause 3 of this schedule, valid visa application can be made by applicant, who is inside or outside Australia. It must be noted that such person must not be in immigration clearance. This schedule further states that applicant who wants to satisfy the primary criteria must meet the requirements states under sub clause 457.223(2) and (4) of Schedule 2 that is: Related occupation of the applicant must be nominated, and it must be approved under section 140GB of the Act and its approval must not be ceased under regulation 2.75. Decision related to nomination must not be made under section140 GB of the Act. Person who nominated the occupation must not bar under section140M of the Act[4]. For the purpose of applying visa application, applicant must be nominated by an approved sponsor and must possess all the skill requirements. Visa applicant also required to fulfill obligations related to registration and licensing for the occupation, and must able to communicate in certain level of English. It is necessary that visa applicant must possess skills in the occupation which is approved by the government of Australia. Applicant must show the documents related to the experience of nominated occupation, and other necessary documents also which are listed in the checklist of Document for visa applicants.[5] After completing all the above requirements, agents are also bound by some ethical, procedural, and accounting requirements which are stated below: Method of notification for the purpose of providing assistance to visa applicant is described in Regulation 7G of the Migration regulations 1998[6]. Agents are responsible to provide notification to the department related to the client under section 312A[7] of the Act. Section 313 of the Act states that must provide statement of service to the assisted person, and such statement of service states all the provisions related to instructions given by client and services provided by agent. Agreement must state the fees charged from the client for the purpose of providing services, and also state the method on the basis of which fees is calculated and other amount related to disbursements[8]. Section 314 of the Act states that, Migration Agent regulations state the code of conduct for migration agents and it is the duty of migration agent to conduct their operations as per code of conduct[9]. Part 2.1 of code of conduct states that, agents must act as per the law and legitimate interest of his or her client. Agents must act in competent and fair way with the clients and with department also. This part further states that, migration agent must not deal with the client if agent would have any conflict of interest with the client. Part 2.3 of code of conduct states that, migration agent must take adequate measures for the purpose of avoiding financial loss to the client. Part 2.5 of code of conduct states that, migration agent must update their knowledge related to the Migration Act 1958, Migration Regulations1994, and other elated laws. Part 2.6 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, for the purpose of making an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations, agent must considered the objective criteria. Part 2.8 of code of conduct states that, agent must take instructions in written form from client, and act as per the instructions of the client. Part 2.11 of code of conduct states that, agent must include their registration number while advertising, and advertisement must be in English language. Part 2.18 of code of conduct states that, agent must act within reasonable time period after receiving necessary instructions. Part 2.20 of code of conduct states that, agent must charge adequate amount of fee from the client. Part 2.21 of code of conduct states that, agent must submit the application with all the necessary documents[10]. Part 3.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain the confidentiality and must not disclose client information. Part A of this section states that agent must provide consumer guide to client. Part 3.3 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client that they are entitled to receive the copy of application and other documents. Part 3.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain contact details and address of the client[11]. Part 6.1 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain proper records of the documents related to client for the period of at least 7 years[12]. Part 11.3 of code of conduct states that, contract between agent and client must contain the provisions related to code of conduct[13]. Financial obligations of agent: Part 2.20 of code of conduct states that, agent must charge adequate amount of fee from the client. Part 5.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client about the charges and estimate time for processing the application. Part 5.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client about the method of calculating the fees. Part 5.5 of code of conduct states that, agent must know about the effect of section 313 of the Act that agent is not entitled to receive the fee if they did not provide service agreement to the client[14]. Part 7.1 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain separate account with financial institution, and part A of this section states account of the client must be included in the name of the financial institution. Part 7.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must hold particular amount in the account of client for agreed block of work. Part 7.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain all the financial records of thee client which includes date and amount related to each deposit, etc. Part 7.6 of code of conduct states that, in case agent work with client on the basis of refund policy then it is the duty of agent to take adequate steps to refund the amount of client[15]. Regulation 2.126 states the factors related to first installment of visa application charge. Following are the charges of Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa[16], and other disbursement fees and professional fees: Product Quantity Price UC457 Temporary Work (Skilled) 1 $ 1080 GST - 0 Translating services - $ 220 English language and courier fees - $500 Other services - $1000 Professional fees - $1000 Total - $ 3800 Thank You Answer 2 In the present case, Josephine reported to Mr. Jacob that she is not receiving the same payment which is stated in her contract with wood engineering. Wood engineering paid her amount which is less than the amount stated in contract. Jeffery contacted to wood Engineering for the purpose of confirming this information, and company stated that this information is true. As per code of conduct of migration agents, Mr. Jacob has various obligations towards the Josephine and these obligations are stated below: Part 2.6 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, for the purpose of making an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations, agent must considered the objective criteria. This part further states that agent must be frank and true about the chances of success while assessing the request of the client in preparing a case or filing an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations[17]. In other words, agent must give fair and true advice to the client about the chances of success of visa application made by client while preparing and analyzing the facts of the case of the client. Part 2.7 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, in case client seeks opinion from the migration agent related to the chances of successful result of the visa application made by client, then agent must give written advice to the client. Such advice must be given in reasonable time period. It must be noted that agent can also give oral advice to the client, but only when oral advice given by agent is similar to the written advice. This part further states that migration agent must not hold any fake or unjustified chances of success while making advice to the client on visa application made by client[18]. Part 2.17 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, in case visa application made by client is exasperating or grossly unfounded then it is the duty of registered migration agent that he must not encourage the client for the purpose of making application, and must give written advice to the client that in his opinion application made by client is exasperating or grossly unfounded. Even after taking these measures, client wants to make visa application under Migration Act and Migration Regulations then agent must take written acknowledgment from the client related to the advice given under paragraph (b) of this part[19]. It must be noted that Section 306AC of the Act states that minister has power to make reference of registered migration agent to the Authority for the purpose of making disciplinary action in case refusal rates related to visa application of specific class of that agent are high[20]. Therefore, Jeffery can help the Josephine by ensuring the above mentioned provisions, and he can also help her by providing the fair advice. Mr. Jacob is also under obligation to inform the department about this matter. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457), https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-#tab-content-1, Accessed on 11th August 2017. FRL, Forms, Fees, Circumstances, and different way of making an application, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C01005, Accessed o 11th August 2017. Migration Act 1958- Section 140. DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) Visa (Subclass 457) Document Checklist For Visa Applicants, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-/Temporary-Work-(Skilled)-visa-(subclass-457)-document-checklist-for-visa-applicants, Accessed on 11th August 2017. DIBP, Global visa processing times, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-, Accessed on 11th August 2017. Statutes Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2. Migration Regulations 1994 - Schedule 1. Migration Act 1958. [1] DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457), https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-#tab-content-1, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [2] Migration Regulations 1994 - Schedule 1. [3] FRL, Forms, Fees, Circumstances, and different way of making an application, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C01005, Accessed o 11th August 2017. [4] Migration Act 1958- Section 140. [5] DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) Visa (Subclass 457) Document Checklist For Visa Applicants, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-/Temporary-Work-(Skilled)-visa-(subclass-457)-document-checklist-for-visa-applicants, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [6] Migration Regulations 1998- Regulation 7G. [7] Migration Act 1958- Section 312A. [8] Migration Act 1958- Section 313. [9] Migration Act 1958- Section 314. [10] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 2. [11] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 3. [12] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 6. [13] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 11. [14] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 5. [15] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 7. [16] DIBP, Global visa processing times, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [17] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.6. [18] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.7. [19] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.17. [20] Migration Act 1958- Section 306.

The Nature Of Squids Essays - Food And Drink, Squid, Asian Cuisine

The Nature Of Squids The Nature of Squids Squids are among the most varied and unique of all invertebrates. They are mollusks of the Class Cephalopod, along with the nautilus, cuttlefish, and octopus. Squids are highly evolved, and have developed a number of traits uncommon to most other mollusks. Fossil records of cephalopods have dated back the Cambrian Period (about 600 million years ago). Structurally, squids have only small variations of a basic theme common to all cephalopods. They are spherical or cigar-shaped with two fins used to stabilize movement when swimming. Ten arms are easily distinguished emerging from near the mouth Eight of these arms each have four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous (horny) hooks. These suction cups provide a means of attaching to rocks or holding its food with a powerful grip. The other two arms are called tentacles, and are contractile and longer than the other eight. These tentacles have spatulate tips, which have suckers on their undersides. The contractile tentacles are primarily used to seize prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it at the squids beak. The beak of a squid is a very powerful tool shaped like a parrots beak, and used for almost the same purpose. With it, squids can easily crack the shells of their prey (which usually consists of crabs or other small animals). A pair of giant eyes can be found near the mouth of the squid. The eyes are fairly complex, which is a trait lacking in most invertebrates. Their structure is similar to that of humans, and comparable in ability. The internal arrangements of squids consist of a mantle that surrounds the bodys organs, as with most mollusks. However, although mollusks are generally characterized as having external shells, most cephalopods contain internal shells, or lack them altogether. Squids have very small shells, called pens, found near center of their bodies. Squids (and cephalopods in general) possess several unusual abilities that help them deal with their predators (which range anything from large fish to sperm whales). Their lack of an external shell allows them to squeeze into very tight places, enabling them to conveniently and easily hide from their enemies. When confronted with a dangerous animal away from hiding places, however, squids seem to have a disadvantage when compared to other mollusks with external shells. If attacked, they have no exterior protection. To counter this potential crisis, they have adapted a number of tactics. First, they are capable of temporarily altering the color of their skin, in effect camouflaging themselves. They can shift their appearance from a deep brown color, to a white, or almost transparent quality. Along with this, they are able to slightly change the texture of their skin. This form of camouflage allows the squid to take the form of rocks, seaweed, or other ocean-dwelling objects. If a hazardous foe is not fooled by camouflage, the squid can release an ink cloud. The ink cloud has a number of helpful characteristics that can ward off enemies. The cloud initially causes the nearby water to become dark and cloudy, reducing the enemys visibility and allowing the squid to escape from danger. Some deep-sea squids contain bacteria in their ink so that the cloud glows, and scares away harmful rivals. Also, the cloud usually takes on the form of a shape resembling a squid, providing a distraction from the real one. Another quality of the ink is that it can completely reduce the opponents ability to smellone of the key components for searching for prey found in many predators. Squids are usually seen swimming in large schools. They are capable of great bursts of speedup to 23 mph, by utilizing a highly advanced form of water-jet propulsion. Of the 375 known species, they can range in size from 8 inches to 60 feet long. It is the largest of all aquatic invertebrates. Depending on the species, squids can live from 1.5 to 3 years. A highly advanced mollusk of widely varied extremes, squids have proven to be well adapted to their environment, and have carved their own irreplaceable niche into the oceanic community. Squids have always been of major importance to the ecology of the world, and will most likely continue to be so for